The Logic of Scientific Discovery
by Karl Popper · Karl Popper
Popper's 1934 treatise argues that scientific theories can never be verified by observation, only falsified. Readers come away able to distinguish testable claims from unfalsifiable ones and to see why bold, refutable conjectures drive scientific progress.
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More resources on Hypothesis Formulation
Khan Academy Scientific Method
Khan Academy article on how biologists work: observation, forming a testable hypothesis, predicting, experimenting, and revising. Uses a worked toaster example to show what makes a hypothesis testable and why results feed back into new questions.
Understanding Science
UC Berkeley's guide to how science actually works, correcting the tidy textbook version of the scientific method. Explains where testable ideas come from, how hypotheses are checked against evidence, and how community review shapes what gets accepted.
sciencebuddies.org
Science Buddies is a nonprofit site offering hundreds of science project ideas, experiments, and step-by-step guides to help students plan investigations, formulate hypotheses, and present their findings.
Scientific Method in Practice
Gauch surveys the presuppositions, logic, and statistical reasoning shared across the sciences, covering deduction, induction, parsimony, and hypothesis testing. After it you can state what a scientific claim rests on and judge when evidence genuinely supports a conclusion.