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Maschke's Theorem over General Fields

by Keith Conrad · University of Connecticut

A three-page note proving Maschke's theorem via averaging, then examining what happens over fields whose characteristic divides the group order, with counterexamples showing complete reducibility fails and semisimplicity criteria.

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Wolfram MathWorld

MathWorld is an online mathematics encyclopedia from Wolfram Research offering detailed, browsable articles on topics across the math spectrum, including algebra, geometry, calculus, and number theory. Each entry includes definitions, theorems, formulas, diagrams, worked examples, and links to further reading.

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Etingof's Introduction to Representation Theory

Free lecture notes by Pavel Etingof and co-authors from MIT, introducing representations of algebras, finite groups, quivers, and Lie algebras, with many exercises. Readers learn character theory, Schur-Weyl duality, and Gabriel's theorem, assuming a solid linear algebra and abstract algebra background.

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Topics in Representation Theory: Finite Groups and Character Theory

Eleven-page Columbia course note covering subrepresentations, the complete reducibility theorem via invariant inner products, Schur's lemma stated through intertwining operators, characters, and the orthogonality relations used to decompose representations into irreducibles.

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Representation theory: Orthogonality relations

Lecture deriving the orthogonality relations for characters of finite groups, using them to count irreducible representations, compute multiplicities in a decomposition, and test whether a given representation is irreducible. Taught by a Fields Medallist, free, and a single lecture rather than a whole course.

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Representations of Aff(F_q) and Heis(F_q)

Constructs every complex irreducible representation of the affine group and Heisenberg group over a finite field, counting conjugacy classes, verifying irreducibility through character inner products, and distinguishing representations by their characters across six worked pages.

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nLab

Collaborative wiki for mathematics, physics and philosophy written from a category-theoretic viewpoint, with cross-linked entries on categories, functors, adjunctions, topos theory, higher category theory and homotopy theory. Readers can look up precise definitions, examples and references for advanced structural mathematics.

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