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Introduction to Riemannian Manifolds (Second Edition)

by John M. Lee · Springer (Graduate Texts in Mathematics 176)

Graduate text, formerly titled Riemannian Manifolds: An Introduction to Curvature, covering connections, geodesics, the Riemann, Ricci and scalar curvature tensors, Jacobi fields, Gauss-Bonnet, and comparison theorems. Requires prior knowledge of smooth manifolds.

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Wolfram MathWorld

MathWorld is an online mathematics encyclopedia from Wolfram Research offering detailed, browsable articles on topics across the math spectrum, including algebra, geometry, calculus, and number theory. Each entry includes definitions, theorems, formulas, diagrams, worked examples, and links to further reading.

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Visual Differential Geometry and Forms: A Mathematical Drama in Five Acts

Geometric, diagram-driven treatment of curvature built on Newton-style ultimate equalities: Gaussian curvature, Theorema Egregium, holonomy, parallel transport, and a full geometrical account of the Riemann curvature tensor for n-manifolds, ending with differential forms. Unique bridge from surface curvature to the Riemann tensor with geometric meaning rather than index calculus; fills the gap between do Carmo and Lee. Uses 235 hand-drawn figures.

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Differential Geometry: A First Course in Curves and Surfaces

Free undergraduate text from the University of Georgia covering curvature and torsion of curves, the Frenet frame, first and second fundamental forms, Gaussian and mean curvature, Theorema Egregium, geodesics, and Gauss-Bonnet, with many exercises. Assumes multivariable calculus and linear algebra. Free, rigorous, exercise-rich equivalent of do Carmo at a gentler pace.

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Discrete Differential Geometry (CMU 15-458/858) Lecture Series

Recorded Carnegie Mellon lectures by Keenan Crane covering curves, surfaces, and curvature from both smooth and discrete viewpoints, including a standalone overview of curvature, Gauss and mean curvature, the Gauss map, and discrete Gauss-Bonnet. Companion notes are free. Best free visual-intuition entry point into curvature; complements the purely smooth textbooks with geometric and computational perspective.

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