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Early Modern Texts is a digital library of primary sources from the early modern period (roughly 1500–1700), offering free, carefully edited texts for study and teaching. It provides scholarly introductions, annotations, and tools to explore foundational works in philosophy and related fields.
More resources on Modern Philosophy
Modern Philosophy: Descartes to Kant
Explore key ideas in modern philosophy, from Descartes to Kant, with insightful lectures by Gregory B. Sadler. Start learning now!
Meditations on First Philosophy
Descartes' 1641 work in the Cambridge Texts edition, with selections from the Objections and Replies. Readers follow the method of doubt to the cogito, the proofs of God, and the argument separating mind from body.
History of Philosophy
The University of Edinburgh's fourteen-module survey, taught by nine researchers, covering epistemology, philosophy of science, mind, morality, political obligation, and free will. Students come away able to state each field's core problem and follow the standard arguments on both sides.
An Essay Concerning Human Understanding
Locke's 1689 treatise in the Clarendon scholarly edition: the attack on innate ideas, the derivation of all knowledge from sensation and reflection, primary and secondary qualities, personal identity, and the limits of what we can know.
Critique of Pure Reason
Kant's 1781 attempt to fix the limits of metaphysics, in Norman Kemp Smith's translation. Covers space and time as forms of intuition, the categories, and why reason falls into antinomies when it argues beyond experience.