Critical Thinking
by Richard Paul, Linda Elder · Richard Paul & Linda Elder
Paul and Elder's textbook presents a structured framework: eight elements of reasoning, nine intellectual standards, and intellectual virtues. Exercises apply the framework to coursework and daily judgments, so readers can analyze arguments and assess their own reasoning systematically.
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More resources on Critical Thinking
criticalthinking.org
CriticalThinking.org hosts The Critical Thinking Community, offering practical resources, articles, and courses to develop critical thinking skills for students and educators. It provides standards, the elements of thought, and classroom activities to improve reasoning and analysis.
hbr.org
Harvard Business Review (hbr.org) offers research-based articles, case studies, and practical guidance on leadership, strategy, and organizational performance for managers and executives.
lesswrong.com
LessWrong is a community blog and forum focused on rationality, decision theory, and cognitive biases. It features long-form essays and discussions, including the popular Sequences on Bayesian reasoning, critical thinking, and AI risk.
Calling Bullshit: Data Reasoning in a Digital World
University of Washington course by Carl Bergstrom and Jevin West, with free lectures, readings and case studies. It covers misleading graphs, selection bias, causality claims, statistical traps and big-data hype, teaching learners to detect and refute bogus quantitative arguments.
Your Bias Is
Illustrated reference to 24 common cognitive biases, including anchoring, confirmation bias, the Dunning-Kruger effect, groupthink, and the halo effect. Each bias has a short page with an explanation and example, so readers can recognise these mental shortcuts in their own reasoning.
Your Logical Fallacy Is
A reference site cataloguing common fallacies, each with a plain definition and an everyday example, plus a free downloadable poster. Useful for recognizing strawman, ad hominem or false-dilemma moves in an argument and naming them accurately.