---
title: Earth & Environmental Science
description: Planet Earth as a system: geology, climate, water resources, geophysics, and GIS.
category: sciences
url: /subcategory/sciences/earth-and-environmental-science
---

# Earth & Environmental Science

Planet Earth as a system: geology, climate, water resources, geophysics, and GIS.

## Available Subjects

### Atmospheric Science

This discipline studies the Earth's atmosphere, its chemical processes, and its interactions with the oceans and land. Learners will understand the physical principles driving weather patterns, climate variability, and atmospheric composition.

**Difficulty:** Beginner, Intermediate, Advanced

**Resources:** 3 books, 1 courses, 1 websites

[Learn Atmospheric Science](/subject/atmospheric-science)

### Biodiversity & Conservation

This field studies the variety of life on Earth and the methods used to protect threatened species and habitats. Learners will understand ecological relationships, the drivers of biodiversity loss, and scientific strategies for habitat restoration and species preservation.

**Difficulty:** Beginner, Intermediate, Advanced

**Resources:** 4 books, 2 websites

[Learn Biodiversity & Conservation](/subject/biodiversity-and-conservation)

### Climate Change

Climate change examines the causes, impacts, and mitigation strategies associated with global warming. Learners will understand the scientific mechanisms of climate disruption, evaluate future projections, and analyze ecological, economic, and societal adaptation strategies.

**Difficulty:** Beginner, Intermediate, Advanced

**Resources:** 1 books, 2 courses, 1 websites

[Learn Climate Change](/subject/climate-change)

### Climate Science

This topic introduces the fundamental physical and chemical principles driving Earth's climate system. Learners will understand the greenhouse effect, carbon cycles, atmospheric circulation, and the scientific evidence behind global temperature changes and extreme weather patterns.

**Difficulty:** Beginner, Intermediate, Advanced

**Resources:** 1 books, 1 courses, 3 websites

[Learn Climate Science](/subject/climate-science-basics)

### Ecology & Ecosystems

Ecology and ecosystems study the interactions between organisms and their physical environments. Learners will understand energy flow, nutrient cycling, population dynamics, and how ecosystems respond to natural disturbances and human-induced environmental changes.

**Difficulty:** Beginner, Intermediate, Advanced

**Resources:** 1 books, 1 courses, 1 websites

[Learn Ecology & Ecosystems](/subject/ecology-and-ecosystems)

### Energy & Renewables

This topic covers global energy systems, focusing on the transition from fossil fuels to renewable sources. Learners will understand the operation of solar, wind, and bioenergy systems, alongside energy storage technologies and the infrastructure required for sustainable power.

**Difficulty:** Beginner, Intermediate, Advanced

**Resources:** 1 books, 1 courses, 3 websites

[Learn Energy & Renewables](/subject/energy-and-renewables)

### Environmental Policy & Law

This subject explores the legal frameworks and policy instruments used to address environmental degradation. Learners will understand how environmental statutes, treaties, and regulatory agencies function to protect air, water, endangered species, and public health.

**Difficulty:** Beginner, Intermediate, Advanced

**Resources:** 1 books, 1 courses, 1 websites

[Learn Environmental Policy & Law](/subject/environmental-policy-and-law)

### Environmental Science

This field examines the interactions between physical, chemical, and biological components of the environment. Learners will understand human impacts on ecosystems, biodiversity loss, and the scientific principles behind sustainability and conservation strategies.

**Difficulty:** Beginner, Intermediate, Advanced

**Resources:** 2 books, 2 courses, 5 websites

[Learn Environmental Science](/subject/environmental-science)

### GIS & Remote Sensing

This technical field covers the acquisition, visualization, and analysis of spatial data using satellite imagery and geographic information systems. Learners will develop skills to map geographic features and analyze spatial patterns.

**Difficulty:** Beginner, Intermediate, Advanced

**Resources:** 2 books, 3 courses, 4 websites

[Learn GIS & Remote Sensing](/subject/gis-and-remote-sensing)

### Geology & Plate Tectonics

This field studies the Earth's solid materials and the large-scale movements of its lithospheric plates. Learners will understand the mechanisms driving continental drift, mountain building, earthquakes, volcanic activity, and rock formation.

**Difficulty:** Beginner, Intermediate, Advanced

**Resources:** 1 books, 1 courses, 3 websites

[Learn Geology & Plate Tectonics](/subject/geology-and-plate-tectonics)

### Geomorphology

Geomorphology investigates the origin and evolution of topographic and bathymetric features created by physical, chemical, or biological processes. Learners will analyze how wind, water, and ice shape landscapes over geological time.

**Difficulty:** Beginner, Intermediate, Advanced

**Resources:** 1 books, 2 courses, 3 websites

[Learn Geomorphology](/subject/geomorphology)

### Geophysics

This discipline applies physical principles to study the Earth's structure, composition, and dynamic processes. Learners will understand seismic wave propagation, gravity and magnetic fields, and how to image the subsurface for resource exploration.

**Difficulty:** Beginner, Intermediate, Advanced

**Resources:** 2 courses, 4 websites

[Learn Geophysics](/subject/geophysics)

### Historical Geology

This subject explores the geological history of Earth and the evolution of life through the rock and fossil record. Learners will understand geological time scales, major extinction events, and continental reconstructions.

**Difficulty:** Beginner, Intermediate, Advanced

**Resources:** 2 books, 2 websites

[Learn Historical Geology](/subject/historical-geology)

### Hydrology

Hydrology is the study of the distribution, movement, and quality of water across the Earth. Learners will understand the water cycle, groundwater flow, watershed management, and how to address water scarcity and flooding issues.

**Difficulty:** Beginner, Intermediate, Advanced

**Resources:** 2 books, 1 courses, 1 websites, 2 papers

[Learn Hydrology](/subject/hydrology)

### Hydrology & Water Resources

This field examines the movement, distribution, and quality of water on Earth, alongside its management. Learners will analyze the hydrological cycle, groundwater flow, watershed dynamics, and sustainable water allocation strategies.

**Difficulty:** Beginner, Intermediate, Advanced

**Resources:** 1 books, 3 websites

[Learn Hydrology & Water Resources](/subject/hydrology-and-water-resources)

### Introduction to Earth Science

This foundational course covers the interconnected systems of the Earth, including the geosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere. Learners will understand basic geological processes, weather systems, and the planet's place in the solar system.

**Difficulty:** Beginner, Intermediate, Advanced

**Resources:** 2 books, 3 websites

[Learn Introduction to Earth Science](/subject/introduction-to-earth-science)

### Introduction to Earth Sciences

This introductory study examines the physical processes shaping the Earth's land, oceans, and atmosphere. Learners will understand the fundamental principles of geology, meteorology, and oceanography, and how these systems interact globally.

**Difficulty:** Beginner, Intermediate, Advanced

**Resources:** 3 websites

[Learn Introduction to Earth Sciences](/subject/introduction-to-earth-sciences)

### Marine Biology

Marine biology studies life in the oceans. You will learn marine ecosystems from reefs to the deep sea, ocean organisms, conservation threats and the careers and courses in the field.

**Difficulty:** Beginner, Intermediate, Advanced

**Resources:** 2 books, 2 courses, 3 websites

[Learn Marine Biology](/subject/marine-biology)

### Meteorology

Meteorology focuses on the physics and chemistry of the atmosphere to understand and predict weather phenomena. Learners will analyze atmospheric data, interpret weather maps, and understand the mechanisms behind storms, fronts, and daily weather patterns.

**Difficulty:** Beginner, Intermediate, Advanced

**Resources:** 1 courses, 1 websites

[Learn Meteorology](/subject/meteorology)

### Meteorology & Climatology

This field studies the Earth's atmosphere, weather patterns, and long-term climate systems. Learners will understand atmospheric thermodynamics, weather forecasting techniques, and the natural and anthropogenic drivers of global climate change.

**Difficulty:** Beginner, Intermediate, Advanced

**Resources:** 3 books, 5 websites

[Learn Meteorology & Climatology](/subject/meteorology-and-climatology)

### Mineralogy

This branch of geology studies the chemistry, crystal structure, and physical properties of minerals. Learners will understand how minerals form, how to identify them in the field and laboratory, and their industrial and geological significance.

**Difficulty:** Beginner, Intermediate, Advanced

**Resources:** 2 books, 4 websites

[Learn Mineralogy](/subject/mineralogy)

### Mineralogy & Petrology

This discipline focuses on the chemical composition, crystalline structure, and formation of minerals and rocks. Learners will identify major rock-forming minerals and analyze the igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary processes that create them.

**Difficulty:** Beginner, Intermediate, Advanced

**Resources:** 2 books, 4 websites

[Learn Mineralogy & Petrology](/subject/mineralogy-and-petrology)

### Natural Hazards & Disasters

This subject analyzes the physical causes and human impacts of extreme natural events. Learners will understand the mechanics of earthquakes, volcanoes, floods, and hurricanes, alongside risk assessment and disaster mitigation strategies.

**Difficulty:** Beginner, Intermediate, Advanced

**Resources:** 2 books, 2 websites

[Learn Natural Hazards & Disasters](/subject/natural-hazards-and-disasters)

### Oceanography

Oceanography explores the physical, chemical, geological, and biological aspects of the world's oceans. Learners will understand marine ecosystems, ocean currents, seafloor topography, and the ocean's critical role in regulating global climate.

**Difficulty:** Beginner, Intermediate, Advanced

**Resources:** 2 books, 1 courses, 3 websites

[Learn Oceanography](/subject/oceanography)

### Paleontology

Paleontology is the study of prehistoric life through the analysis of plant and animal fossils. Learners will understand evolutionary history, ancient ecosystems, and the methods used to date fossils and reconstruct past environments on Earth.

**Difficulty:** Beginner, Intermediate, Advanced

**Resources:** 4 books, 2 courses, 2 websites

[Learn Paleontology](/subject/paleontology)

### Petroleum Geology & Engineering

Where the barrel comes from and what turns it into products: source rocks and traps, seismic, drilling and well control, reservoir drive mechanisms and recovery factors, production engineering and artificial lift, then distillation, cracking and refinery economics. Learners will be able to follow a well from prospect to product slate and explain why a shut-in is expensive.

**Difficulty:** Beginner, Intermediate, Advanced

**Resources:** 5 books, 1 courses, 2 websites

[Learn Petroleum Geology & Engineering](/subject/petroleum-geology-and-engineering)

### Physical Geology

This course examines the materials composing the Earth and the internal and external processes that shape its surface. Learners will understand plate tectonics, rock cycles, weathering, erosion, and the formation of landforms.

**Difficulty:** Beginner, Intermediate, Advanced

**Resources:** 3 books, 4 websites

[Learn Physical Geology](/subject/physical-geology)

### Plate Tectonics

This geological theory explains the movement of Earth's lithospheric plates and the resulting geological features. Learners will understand the mechanisms driving continental drift, earthquakes, volcanic activity, and the formation of mountain ranges and ocean basins.

**Difficulty:** Beginner, Intermediate, Advanced

**Resources:** 1 videos, 2 books, 3 websites

[Learn Plate Tectonics](/subject/plate-tectonics)

### Pollution & Waste

This subject covers the sources, transport, and environmental impacts of chemical, physical, and biological pollutants. Learners will understand waste management systems, toxicology, and engineering methods used to remediate contaminated soil, water, and air.

**Difficulty:** Beginner, Intermediate, Advanced

**Resources:** 1 books, 2 websites

[Learn Pollution & Waste](/subject/pollution-and-waste)

### Sedimentology & Stratigraphy

This field studies the formation, transport, and deposition of sediments, alongside the correlation of rock layers. Learners will analyze sedimentary structures to reconstruct past environments and interpret the geological history of a region.

**Difficulty:** Beginner, Intermediate, Advanced

**Resources:** 1 books, 2 websites

[Learn Sedimentology & Stratigraphy](/subject/sedimentology-and-stratigraphy)

### Soil & Agriculture

This topic covers soil formation, chemistry, and biology in relation to agricultural productivity. Learners will understand soil conservation techniques, nutrient cycling, and sustainable farming practices that preserve soil health and food security.

**Difficulty:** Beginner, Intermediate, Advanced

**Resources:** 2 books, 4 websites

[Learn Soil & Agriculture](/subject/soil-and-agriculture)

### Structural Geology

This branch of geology investigates the deformation of Earth's crust and the resulting geological structures. Learners will analyze faults, folds, and joints to reconstruct tectonic forces and locate underground resources like water and hydrocarbons.

**Difficulty:** Beginner, Intermediate, Advanced

**Resources:** 1 books, 3 websites

[Learn Structural Geology](/subject/structural-geology)

### Sustainability & Green Tech

This field focuses on developing and applying technology to conserve natural resources and reduce environmental impact. Learners will understand renewable energy systems, waste management technologies, and sustainable manufacturing processes to design eco-friendly solutions.

**Difficulty:** Beginner, Intermediate, Advanced

**Resources:** 1 courses, 2 websites

[Learn Sustainability & Green Tech](/subject/sustainability-and-green-tech)

### Sustainability & Policy

This subject examines the laws, regulations, and economic frameworks used to address environmental degradation. Learners will understand how governments and organizations design, implement, and evaluate policies to promote sustainable development and resource conservation.

**Difficulty:** Beginner, Intermediate, Advanced

**Resources:** 3 courses, 3 websites

[Learn Sustainability & Policy](/subject/sustainability-and-policy)

### Volcanoes & Earthquakes

Volcanology and seismology study the Earth's most violent processes. You will learn how volcanoes and earthquakes work, monitoring and hazard forecasting, and the famous events that shaped the science.

**Difficulty:** Beginner, Intermediate, Advanced

**Resources:** 3 books, 3 websites

[Learn Volcanoes & Earthquakes](/subject/volcanoes-and-earthquakes)

### Water Resources

Water resources engineering focuses on the management, distribution, and treatment of water. Students analyze hydrological cycles, design hydraulic structures like dams and channels, model watershed behavior, and develop strategies for flood control and water supply.

**Difficulty:** Beginner, Intermediate, Advanced

**Resources:** 3 books, 2 courses, 3 websites

[Learn Water Resources](/subject/water-resources)

### Weather Forecasting

Forecasting turns atmospheric science into predictions. You will learn reading charts and models, fronts and pressure systems, severe weather, and the tools amateurs and professionals use.

**Difficulty:** Beginner, Intermediate, Advanced

**Resources:** 2 books, 2 courses

[Learn Weather Forecasting](/subject/weather-forecasting)

---

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